{"id":62450,"date":"2020-04-14T09:03:53","date_gmt":"2020-04-14T06:03:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/realitatearutiera.ro\/?p=62450"},"modified":"2020-04-14T09:03:56","modified_gmt":"2020-04-14T06:03:56","slug":"cele-mai-rele-epidemii-si-pandemii-din-istorie-si-cum-s-au-incheiat-ele","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/realitatearutiera.ro\/?p=62450","title":{"rendered":"Cele mai rele epidemii \u015fi pandemii din istorie \u015fi cum s-au \u00eencheiat ele"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Epidemiile au provocat ravagii \u00een r\u00e2ndul umanit\u0103\u0163ii de foarte mult timp; unele s-au manifestat at\u00e2t de grav \u00eenc\u00e2t au schimbat cursul istoriei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iat\u0103 20 dintre cele mai grave epidemii \u015fi pandemii, care dateaz\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 din preistorie, potrivit Live Science<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Epidemia preistoric\u0103 (3000 \u00ee. Hr.)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen urm\u0103 cu aproximativ 5.000 de ani, o epidemie a distrus un sat preistoric<\/a> din China. Cadavrele au fost str\u00e2nse \u00een interiorul unei case care, ulterior, a fost ars\u0103. Nicio categorie de v\u00e2rst\u0103 nu a sc\u0103pat deoarece, \u00een interiorul casei, au fost g\u0103site schelete de copii, tineri, persoane de v\u00e2rst\u0103 mijlocie \u015fi chiar de b\u0103tr\u00e2ni. Situl arheologic se nume\u015fte acum \u201eHamin Mangha\u201d \u015fi reprezint\u0103 unul dintre cele mai bine p\u0103strate situri preistorice din nord-estul Chinei. Studiul arheologic \u015fi antropologic indic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 epidemia a evoluat at\u00e2t de repede \u00eenc\u00e2t nu a existat timp pentru ni\u015fte \u00eenmorm\u00e2nt\u0103ri adecvate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Credit foto: Chinese Archaeology<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u00cenainte de descoperirea sitului \u201eHamin Mangha\u201d, o alt\u0103 \u201e\u00eenmorm\u00e2ntare\u201d preistoric\u0103 \u00een mas\u0103 care dateaz\u0103 aproximativ din aceea\u015fi perioad\u0103 de timp a fost confirmat\u0103 pe un sit numit Miaozigou, \u00een nord-estul Chinei. \u00cempreun\u0103, aceste descoperiri sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 \u00eentr-adev\u0103r o epidemie a distrus \u00eentreaga regiune la acea vreme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Plaga Atenei (430 \u00ee. Hr.)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen jurul anului 430 \u00ee.Hr., nu la mult timp dup\u0103 izbucnirea unui r\u0103zboi \u00eentre Atena \u015fi Sparta, o epidemie a f\u0103cut ravagii printre locuitorii Atenei timp de aproximativ cinci ani. Calculele estimeaz\u0103 c\u0103 au murit \u00een jur de 100.000 de oameni. Istoricul grec Tucidide (460-400 \u00ee.Hr.) a scris c\u0103 \u201eoamenii cu o stare perfect\u0103 de s\u0103n\u0103tate au fost ataca\u0163i brusc de ni\u015fte c\u0103lduri violente \u00een zona capului, ochii li s-au inflamat, \u00een timp ce p\u0103r\u0163ile interioare, cum ar fi g\u00e2tul \u015fi limba, au \u00eenceput s\u0103 s\u00e2ngereze, emi\u0163\u00e2nd o respira\u0163ie nenatural\u0103 \u201d (traducere de Richard Crawley din cartea \u201eIstoria r\u0103zboiului peloponesiac\u201d, London Dent, 1914). Aceast\u0103 epidemie a fost mult timp surs\u0103 de dezbatere printre oamenii de \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103; o serie de boli<\/a> au fost considerate drept posibilit\u0103\u0163i, inclusiv febra tifoid\u0103<\/a> \u015fi Ebola<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Credit foto: Profimedia<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mul\u0163i savan\u0163i consider\u0103 c\u0103 supraaglomera\u0163ia cauzat\u0103 de r\u0103zboi a agravat epidemia. Armata Spartei era mai puternic\u0103, oblig\u00e2nd atenienii s\u0103 se refugieze \u00een spatele unei serii de fortifica\u0163ii numite \u201ezidurile lungi\u201d care le protejau ora\u015ful. \u00cen ciuda epidemiei, r\u0103zboiul a continuat, f\u0103r\u0103 a se \u00eencheia p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 404 \u00ee.Hr., c\u00e2nd Atena a fost for\u0163at\u0103 s\u0103 capituleze \u00een fa\u0163a Spartei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Ciuma Antonin\u0103 (165-180 d.Hr.)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e2nd solda\u0163ii romani s-au \u00eentors acas\u0103  dup\u0103 o campanie, ace\u015ftia au adus cu ei mai mult dec\u00e2t prada victoriei. Ciuma Antonin\u0103, care ar fi putut fi variol\u0103, a distrus armata  \u015fi a ucis peste 5 milioane de oameni din Imperiul Roman, a scris April Pudsey, un lector de istorie roman\u0103 de la Universitatea Metropolitan\u0103 din Manchester, \u00eentr-o lucrare publicat\u0103 \u00een cartea \u201eDisabilitate \u00een Antichitate\u201d ( Routledge, 2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Credit foto: Profimedia<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0Mul\u0163i istorici cred c\u0103 epidemia a fost adus\u0103 pentru prima dat\u0103 \u00een Imperiul Roman de c\u0103tre solda\u0163ii care se \u00eentorceau acas\u0103 dup\u0103 un r\u0103zboi \u00eempotriva Parthiei. Epidemia a contribuit la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul \u201ePax Romana\u201d (Pacea Roman\u0103), o perioad\u0103 cuprins\u0103 \u00eentre anii 27 \u00ee.Hr. \u015fi 180 d.Hr., c\u00e2nd Roma a fost \u00een culmea puterii sale. Dup\u0103 180 d.Hr., instabilitatea a crescut pe \u00eentreg teritoriul Imperiului Roman, exist\u00e2nd numeroase r\u0103zboaie civile \u015fi invazii ale grupurilor\u00a0 barbare. Cre\u015ftinismul a devenit din ce \u00een ce mai popular \u00een perioada de dup\u0103 producerea ciumei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Citeste \u00een continuare pe descopera.ro<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Epidemiile au provocat ravagii \u00een r\u00e2ndul umanit\u0103\u0163ii de foarte mult timp; unele s-au manifestat at\u00e2t de grav \u00eenc\u00e2t au schimbat<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":62451,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":"","footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-62450","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-social"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/realitatearutiera.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/29587809.jpg?fit=1000%2C541","jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p61naM-gfg","jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/realitatearutiera.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62450","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/realitatearutiera.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/realitatearutiera.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/realitatearutiera.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/realitatearutiera.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=62450"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/realitatearutiera.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62450\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":62452,"href":"http:\/\/realitatearutiera.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62450\/revisions\/62452"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/realitatearutiera.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/62451"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/realitatearutiera.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=62450"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/realitatearutiera.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=62450"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/realitatearutiera.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=62450"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}